Cuban Head of State: Raul Castro

Cuban head of state in full Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz
Born June 3, 1931, Holguín province, Cuba. head of state of Cuba (since February 2008), defense minister (1959–2006), and revolutionary who played a pivotal role in the 26th of July Movement, which brought his brother Fidel Castro to power in 1959.
The youngest of three brothers, Raúl Castro was born to a Spanish father and a Cuban mother. He embraced socialism as a young adult and belonged to a communist youth group. Raúl participated with Fidel in the 1953 attack on Cuba’s Moncada Barracks, an unsuccessful attempt to unseat dictator Fulgencio Batista; the brothers spent nearly two years in prison for the assault until they were pardoned by Batista in 1955. In 1956 Raúl joined Fidel in launching the revolution that resulted in Fidel’s becoming premier in February 1959. That same year Raúl married fellow revolutionary Vilma Espín Guillois.
Over the ensuing decades, Raúl emerged as a key figure in his own right, and he enjoyed the strong support and loyalty of top military officers, known as raulistas. He remained deeply committed to the political primacy of the Communist Party of Cuba, which he helped develop and institutionalize. He also forged strong links with the Soviet Union and travelled there in 1962 to seek arms for Cuba’s armed forces. An avowed Marxist, Raúl nevertheless demonstrated greater interest in economic reform than his older brother did. In the mid-1980s he allowed the Cuban army to experiment with reforms in several state-owned enterprises controlled by the military. The positive results gave him ample evidence to argue for greater reform when the collapse of Soviet subsidies provoked an economic crisis on the island. Thought to be the more-traditional communist of the two Castro brothers, Raúl supported many of the economic and agricultural reforms that helped to partially revive the failing Cuban economy in the mid-1990s.
Because of Raúl’s long tenure as defense minister, his influence in Cuba far exceeded that of other ministers. On July 31, 2006, shortly before Fidel was to undergo surgery for a serious stomach illness, Raúl was named provisional head of state. In his new position, Raúl pledged to resolve Cuba’s problems under the banner of the Communist Party. His government in September 2006 hosted more than 50 heads of state at the meeting in Havana of the Non-Aligned Movement, but Cuba kept a relatively low international profile after that summit. Though Raúl signaled that he would be willing to engage in dialogue with the United States to resolve a bilateral dispute, he declined to meet with a 10-member delegation of U.S. congressional leaders who traveled to Cuba in December 2006 in hopes of conferring with him. Despite efforts to divine his intentions, Raúl remained an impassive and inscrutable figure, though the death of his wife—fellow rebel fighter who helped bring the Castro brothers to power, first lady of the Cuban Revolution, and women’s rights activist—in June 2007 likely had a profound impact on him.
Raúl had long occupied the number two position in the three principal bodies of the Cuban hierarchy—the Council of State, the Council of Ministers, and the Communist Party of Cuba—and in 2007 he became the acting head of all three governmental organizations. Cuba’s National Assembly officially selected Raúl as Cuba’s new president in February 2008, after Fidel announced that he would not accept another presidential term because of health problems. Upon taking office, Raúl said he would continue to consult his brother on pivotal state issues. During his first few months as the leader of Cuba, Raúl implemented various reforms, most notably the removal of wage restraints that had been in place in Cuba since the early 1960s. Other reforms included allowing Cubans to purchase cellular phones and personal computers, as well as to stay at hotels formerly reserved for foreigners.