Identify and discuss determinants of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy.

Pakistan's foreign policy is shaped by a range of domestic and international factors, which include:

1. Security concerns: Pakistan's foreign policy is heavily influenced by its perceived security concerns, particularly in relation to its neighboring rival India. This has led to a strong focus on military and strategic relations with other countries, particularly China and the United States, as well as a focus on arms acquisitions and the development of nuclear weapons.
2. Domestic politics: Political considerations and power struggles within Pakistan also play a role in shaping the country's foreign policy. For instance, different political parties in power might have different perspectives on issues such as relations with neighboring countries, especially India, or with the United States and its role in the region.
   
3. Economic considerations: Economic factors also play an important role in shaping Pakistan's foreign policy. The country's need to access trade and investment opportunities, secure energy supplies, and access to technology and foreign aid have influenced its relations with other countries.
   
4. Ideology: Pakistan's foreign policy is also influenced by its ideological identity as an Islamic republic. This has led to the country's focus on building ties with Muslim-majority countries, such as Saudi Arabia, and an emphasis on protecting the rights of Muslim communities in other countries, such as in India and Myanmar.
   
5. Balancing regional and global powers: Pakistan's foreign policy is also influenced by its desire to maintain balance of power in the region and beyond. Pakistan, on one hand, wants to maintain good relations withthe United States and other Western countries, while also maintaining strong ties with China, a major regional power. Additionally, Pakistan often tries to balance its relations with its neighbors, such as Afghanistan and Iran, to prevent any one country from dominating the region and to protect its own security and strategic interests.
   
6. The Kashmir dispute: The ongoing Kashmir dispute between Pakistan and India has been a major determinant in shaping the foreign policy of Pakistan. This has led Pakistan to take an active stance on the issue, and it continues to push for a resolution of the dispute, often leading to tensions with India.
7. Geopolitical position: Pakistan's geographical location, as it sits at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, also plays a role in shaping its foreign policy. Pakistan's geographic position makes it important for regional and global powers to have good relations with Pakistan as well as important for Pakistan to have good relations with its neighbors to safeguard its security and economic interests.
   
8. The role of military establishment: The military establishment in Pakistan has a significant influence on the country's foreign policy, particularly when it comes to security and strategic matters. The military's views and interests are often taken into account when making decisions on foreign policy.
   

These factors, among others, all play a role in shaping Pakistan's foreign policy and determining its relations with other countries. It's worth noting that the weight of these factors can vary depending on the specific issue or situation. Additionally, the country's foreign policy priorities, tactics and strategies may change over time, depending on changes in the domestic and international environments, as well as the leadership in power. The country's foreign policy is also constantly evolving to address new challenges and opportunities in the international system.

1. Security concerns: During the Cold War, Pakistan's security concerns led it to become a close ally of the United States and a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and Central Treaty Organization (CENTO) to counter the perceived threat from the Soviet Union and its proxy, India. This led to the strengthening of military and strategic relations between Pakistan and the United States, as well as arms acquisitions, including the acquisition of F-16 fighter jets.
2. Domestic politics: In 1999, the domestic politics in Pakistan led to a shift in the country's foreign policy as a new government came to power. The new government led by Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif sought to improve relations with India, resulting in the Lahore Declaration and a series of confidence-building measures, such as bus service between the two countries and cricket matches. However, these efforts were short-lived and failed to make a significant impact on the bilateral relations
3. Economic considerations: Pakistan's economic considerations have shaped its foreign policy towards China. In recent years, Pakistan has sought to strengthen its economic ties with China through the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) initiative, which aims to connect Gwadar port in Pakistan to China's western region through a network of roads, railways, and pipelines. This policy is aimed at providing access to new markets for Pakistani goods and providing energy and infrastructure for economic development in Pakistan.
4. Ideology: Pakistan's ideological identity as an Islamic republic has been an important determinant of its foreign policy towards other Muslim-majority countries, particularly in the Middle East. For example, Pakistan has long-standing ties with Saudi Arabia, which has provided economic and military aid to Pakistan. Additionally, Pakistan's emphasis on protecting the rights of Muslim communities has led it to speak out against human rights abuses in other countries with significant Muslim populations, such as Myanmar and India.
5. Balancing regional and global powers: Pakistan's foreign policy towards the United States has been shaped by its desire to balance its relations with regional and global powers. During the Cold War, Pakistan allied with the United States to counter Soviet influence in the region. However, after the Soviet Union's collapse and the emergence of India as a major power in the region, Pakistan has sought to balance its relations with the United States and China, to prevent any one country from dominating the region.
6. The Kashmir dispute: Pakistan's foreign policy towards India has been shaped by the Kashmir dispute. The issue has been a major determinant in shaping Pakistan's relations with India and has led to tensions between the two countries. Pakistan's foreign policy towards India has been focused on resolving the dispute through diplomatic and international means, such as seeking support from the United Nations and other countries. The conflict over Kashmir also led to the three wars between India and Pakistan, most recently in 1999, and the Kargil conflict which was the cause of the shift in Nawaz Sharif's foreign policy towards India as mentioned earlier.
7. Geopolitical position: Pakistan's geopolitical position has played a significant role in shaping its foreign policy towards its neighboring countries, such as Afghanistan and Iran. Pakistan has sought to maintain good relations with these countries to protect its security and economic interests, as well as to prevent any one country from dominating the region. For instance, during the Soviet war in Afghanistan, Pakistan supported the Mujahideen against the Soviet Union, but later, when the Taliban took control of Afghanistan, Pakistan's foreign policy shifted towards supporting the Taliban due to strategic interests and security concerns.
8. The role of military establishment: The military establishment in Pakistan has played a significant role in shaping the country's foreign policy, particularly when it comes to security and strategic matters. The military's views and interests have often been taken into account when making decisions on foreign policy, such as on security, relations with neighboring countries, and the acquisition of weapons. For example, military's active role in foreign policy can be seen in the formation of the security doctrine of Pakistan, the full spectrum deterrence against India and the policy of "good Taliban and bad Taliban" which has had significant impacts on the country's relations with the United States and Afghanistan.

These are some examples of how different determinants of Pakistan's foreign policy have shaped or changed the country's relations with other countries and its position in the international system over time. It is clear that these determinants interact and interact in complex ways, and their impact on foreign policy can vary depending on the specific historical context. Additionally, changes in leadership or domestic politics can also have a significant impact on the direction of the country's foreign policy and its priorities.